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Hubei CAILONEN Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd
Hubei Cailonen Intelligent Technology Co., LTD. (formerly Wuhan Electric furnaceFactory) is the designated professional, design and research of the Ministry of Machinery Industry Development, production and sales of industrial electric furnaces large-scale state-owned restructuring enterprises Industry, is the China Heat Treatment Association, Hubei Casting Association, WuHan forging industry association governing unit. Since the restructuring of the company, it has rapidly grown into a Chinese high-end heat treatment manufacturing enterprise with strong research and development strength, complete design software, advanced processing technology and complete production equipment, with an annual output of 500 sets of large-scale standard heat treatment equipment and 30 sets of non-standard production lines. Many years of experience in the industry, in cooperation with a number of well-known universities in China, the existing professional team R & D is committed to providing customers with professional solutions. The main products are: Intelligent tempering production line, new energy lithium battery anode material granulation pre-carbonization production line, new energy vehicle lightweight thermoforming production line, new energy ling production line, all-fiber electric heating trolley furnace, all-fiber gas heat treatment (forging) trolley furnace, large variable capacity trolley furnace, protective atmosphere box tempering production line, hanging cylinder liner tempering production line, microcomputer controlled carburizing/nitriding furnace Vacuum furnace, well furnace, mesh furnace, roller sintering furnace, aluminum alloy quenching (solution, aging) furnace, all hydrogen hood bright annealing furnace, ADI salt isothermal quenching production line, rotary kiln baking furnace, medium frequency furnace, high frequency furnace, induction melting furnace, induction hardening production line, and other standard and non-standard heat treatment equipment. According to the requirements of users, we can provide a full set of technology and services such as product heat treatment process plan formulation, heat treatment workshop design, heat treatment equipment selection and design and manufacturing, installation and commissioning, production operation, after-sales maintenance, etc., to ensure the safety and reliability of customers before and after using products. Products involved in aerospace, shipbuilding, iron and steel, metallurgy, chemical industry, ceramics, automobile, casting, forging, sanitary ware, mining....... And other fields. Solutions can be developed according to different application scenarios and requirements.
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The quenching process of lower bainite 2025-07-14 The quenching process of lower bainite Lower bainite is a microstructure in steel with excellent strength and toughness formed during isothermal transformation. The quenching process for lower bainite (commonly referred to as "lower bainite isothermal quenching") focuses on precisely controlling temperature and time to enable the complete transformation of austenite into lower bainite within the low-temperature range (typically 200~350°C), thereby achieving properties that combine high strength, high hardness, and good toughness. Here is a detailed description of the process and related key points: I. Basic Principle of Lower Bainite Quenching The formation of lower bainite relies on an isothermal transformation mechanism: the steel is heated to the austenitizing temperature and held to obtain a uniform austenitic structure. It is then rapidly cooled to the temperature range for lower bainite transformation (avoiding the transformation zones of pearlite and upper bainite) and held at this temperature for a sufficient time to allow complete transformation of austenite into lower bainite, followed by air cooling to room temperature.   Compared with martensitic quenching (rapid cooling below the Ms point to obtain martensite), lower bainite quenching avoids the brittleness of martensite through "isothermal transformation" while retaining high strength. This is because lower bainite consists of extremely fine ferrite laths and uniformly distributed carbides, with a much smaller interlamellar spacing than upper bainite, and the carbides are granular rather than lamellar, resulting in a better balance of strength and toughness. II. Process Steps and Parameters of Lower Bainite Quenching 1. Austenitization Stage (Heating and Holding) Purpose: To fully dissolve carbides in the steel and obtain a uniform, fine austenitic structure, laying the foundation for subsequent transformation. Process Parameters: Austenitizing Temperature: Determined by the steel composition, generally 30~50°C above Ac3 (for hypoeutectoid steels) or between Ac1 and Ac3 (for hypereutectoid steels, to avoid network carbides). For example: Medium carbon steels (e.g., 45 steel): 820~860°C; Medium carbon low-alloy steels (e.g., 40Cr): 840~880°C; High carbon steels (e.g., T8 steel): 780~820°C (to prevent coarse grains from overheating). Holding Time: Determined by the workpiece thickness and loading capacity to ensure austenite homogenization. Typically 1~3 hours (shorter for small workpieces, up to 30 minutes; longer for large workpieces), avoiding underheating (incomplete austenitization) or overheating (coarse grains, leading to reduced performance). 2. Rapid Cooling Stage (Avoiding Pearlite/Upper Bainite Zones) Purpose: To rapidly cool the austenitized workpiece to the lower bainite transformation temperature range (200~350°C), preventing premature transformation in the pearlite (500~600°C) or upper bainite (350~500°C) zones, ensuring "directional" transformation of austenite into lower bainite. Process Parameters: Cooling Medium: Must provide sufficient cooling rate (exceeding the steel's critical cooling rate). Common media include: Molten salts (e.g., nitrate-nitrite baths, with low melting points and easy temperature control); Mineral oils (suitable for small workpieces, with slightly slower cooling than molten salts); Polymer solutions (e.g., polyvinyl alcohol solutions, with adjustable cooling capacity). Cooling Endpoint: Rapidly cool the workpiece to 200~350°C (specific temperature determined by the steel's TTT curve; e.g., 250~300°C for low-alloy steels). 3. Isothermal Transformation Stage (Core Step) Purpose: Hold at the set low temperature to fully transform austenite into lower bainite (minimizing retained austenite). Process Parameters: Isothermal Temperature: Usually 200~350°C (characteristic range for lower bainite). Lower temperatures produce finer lower bainite laths, increasing strength and hardness but slowing transformation (requiring longer holding); higher temperatures (near 350°C) may form partial upper bainite, reducing toughness. Isothermal Time: Determined by the steel's TTT curve to ensure complete austenite transformation. Examples: 40Cr steel at 280°C: ~2~4 hours; 60Si2Mn spring steel at 250°C: ~3~5 hours. Judgment Criteria: Microstructural inspection (lower bainite appears as dark needle-like/lamellar structures without pearlite or martensite) or empirical formulas (e.g., extend time by 0.5~1 hour per 10mm thickness). 4. Post-Isothermal Cooling After isothermal holding, the workpiece can be air-cooled to room temperature (no need for continued rapid cooling). Austenite has already fully transformed into lower bainite, so air cooling avoids martensite formation or other adverse structures and prevents stress cracking from excessive cooling rates. III. Suitable Steel Grades Lower bainite quenching is applicable to medium-carbon and medium-carbon low-alloy steels (with good hardenability for isothermal transformation), including:   Medium carbon steels: 45, 50, etc.; Medium carbon low-alloy steels: 40Cr, 42CrMo, 35CrMo, etc.; Spring steels: 60Si2Mn, 50CrVA, etc.; Bearing steels: GCr15 (control austenitizing temperature to avoid coarse grains).   Reason: These steels contain Cr, Mn, Mo, etc., which slow pearlite transformation (delaying the TTT curve "nose"), extend austenite stability in the low-temperature zone, and facilitate lower bainite formation. Low-carbon or high-alloy steels (e.g., austenitic stainless steels) are unsuitable due to mismatched transformation kinetics. IV. Performance Characteristics and Applications Performance Advantages: Lower bainite has a hardness of HRC45~55 (close to martensite) but 2~3 times higher impact toughness (αk) than martensite (e.g., 40Cr after lower bainite quenching has αk≥80J/cm² vs. 30~50J/cm² for martensitic quenching), with excellent fatigue strength and wear resistance. Applications: Parts requiring "strength-toughness balance," such as gears, drive shafts, connecting rods, springs, and bearing rings. V. Key Process Points and Precautions Austenitization Control: Excessively high temperatures cause coarse austenite grains and roughened lower bainite, reducing toughness; low temperatures lead to incomplete austenitization, with residual carbides impairing transformation uniformity. Cooling Rate: Must rapidly pass through the pearlite zone (500~600°C); otherwise, pearlite forms, drastically reducing strength (select media with appropriate cooling capacity, e.g., molten salt baths, to ensure rates exceed critical values). Isothermal Parameters: Strictly follow TTT curves for temperature and time—deviations cause excessive retained austenite (reduced hardness) or partial upper bainite (reduced toughness). Workpiece Geometry: For large or complex parts, control heating/cooling rates to avoid stress cracking (use stepped heating or pre-cooling to higher temperatures before isothermal holding).   This process achieves an excellent strength-toughness balance, making it a critical alternative to traditional martensitic quenching (for hardness-focused applications) in machinery and automotive industries.
High - Frequency Quenching: Analysis of Principles and Applications 2025-07-11 High - Frequency Quenching: Analysis of Principles and Applications​ In the field of metal processing, high - frequency quenching, as an efficient surface hardening technology, is widely used in the production and manufacturing of various mechanical parts. Through specific technological means, it can significantly improve the surface hardness and wear resistance of metal parts without changing their overall performance, thereby prolonging the service life of the parts and enhancing the operational reliability of mechanical equipment.​ The principle of high - frequency quenching is based on electromagnetic induction and the skin effect. When a high - frequency alternating current passes through the induction coil, a high - frequency alternating magnetic field will be generated around the induction coil. When the metal workpiece to be quenched is in this alternating magnetic field, according to the law of electromagnetic induction, an induced current will be generated inside the workpiece. This induced current forms a closed loop in the workpiece, which is called eddy current. When the eddy current flows in the workpiece, it will cause the workpiece to heat up due to the thermal effect of the current.​ The skin effect makes the eddy current mainly concentrate on the surface layer of the workpiece, and the current density on the surface of the workpiece is much higher than that in the core. This causes the surface of the workpiece to heat up to the austenitizing temperature (usually 800 - 1000℃) rapidly in a short time, while the temperature rise in the core is small and remains at a low level. After reaching the required temperature, the surface of the workpiece is rapidly cooled immediately (usually using cooling media such as water, oil or polymer solutions), so that the surface layer is quickly transformed into martensite structure, thus achieving the effect of surface hardening. Since the temperature of the core does not reach the austenitizing temperature, it still maintains the original tough structure, making the part have both high surface hardness and wear resistance, as well as good overall toughness and impact resistance.​ High - frequency quenching has a wide range of applications in industrial production due to its unique advantages. In the automobile manufacturing industry, many key components adopt high - frequency quenching technology. For example, automobile crankshafts, camshafts, half shafts, etc. These parts need to bear large torque and friction during work. After high - frequency quenching treatment, their surface hardness is significantly improved, which can effectively resist wear and fatigue damage, prolong the service life of the parts, and ensure the safe operation of the automobile.​ In the field of mechanical manufacturing, gears are very typical parts applying high - frequency quenching technology. During the transmission process of gears, the tooth surface will be subject to strong extrusion and friction, so there are high requirements for surface hardness and wear resistance. The tooth surface of the gear after high - frequency quenching treatment can reach a hardness of HRC58 - 62, which can greatly improve the bearing capacity and service life of the gear, and reduce the noise and vibration during transmission.​ In addition, high - frequency quenching also plays an important role in the fields of machine tool manufacturing, engineering machinery, agricultural machinery and equipment, etc. For example, after high - frequency quenching, the guide rail of the machine tool can improve its wear resistance and precision retention; parts such as pins and hydraulic cylinder piston rods in engineering machinery can enhance their wear resistance and corrosion resistance through high - frequency quenching treatment.​ With the continuous development of industrial technology, high - frequency quenching technology is also constantly innovating and improving. Its automation level is getting higher and higher, which can realize precise quenching of parts with complex shapes, further improving production efficiency and product quality. In the future manufacturing industry, high - frequency quenching technology will surely continue to play an important role, providing strong support for the performance improvement of various mechanical products.
Introduction to Some Knowledge Points of Ion Nitriding Furnace Equipment 2025-07-08 Introduction to Some Knowledge Points of Ion Nitriding Furnace Equipment   Heat treatment equipment generally uses electric heating elements to heat workpieces. The temperature inside the furnace is basically the same, and the temperature of the thermocouple can also represent the temperature of the workpiece. Ion nitriding workpieces are heated by their own arc discharge. Due to the workpiece having an electric potential, the thermocouple cannot directly contact the workpiece. Therefore, the temperature of the temperature - measuring thermocouple is usually inconsistent with that of the workpiece. The fewer the workpieces in the furnace, the longer the distance between the thermocouple and the workpiece, and the greater the difference between the temperature of the thermocouple and that of the workpiece. In the actual operation of specific processing technologies, methods such as estimated temperature and simulated temperature measurement are often used to make up for the problem of inaccurate temperature measurement.   The temperature of the ion nitriding furnace equipment is uniform. Ion nitriding workpieces are heated by their own arc discharge. Different workpieces in the same furnace have different qualities, different areas, and thus different heat absorption. Therefore, the temperature of the workpieces is likely to be uneven. In the actual operation of the processing technology, the distance between workpieces in the same furnace does not need to be too large. The way of loading workpieces into the furnace needs to be considered. Workpieces with large quality and small area may have a slightly lower temperature when heated.   The ion nitriding furnace equipment contains small round holes to solve the problem of workpieces with narrow slits. Workpieces with small holes and narrow slits are prone to hollow cathode reaction, resulting in excessive local current intensity, excessive temperature rise, and electric spark discharge, making processing impossible.   The structure of the ion nitriding furnace equipment consists of five parts: furnace body, power transmission device, vacuum acquisition system, power supply system, gas supply system, and temperature measurement.   The furnace body is composed of a cover, a cylinder, a chassis, and a base frame. The interlayers of the furnace cover, cylinder, and chassis are connected with cooling water. The interior is equipped with a stainless steel and aluminum alloy double - layer heat insulation screen. The furnace body is provided with double - layer tempered glass for observing the situation inside the furnace during the ion nitriding process. The cover is equipped with two sets of power transmission devices and one set of hanging columns with thermocouples, on which a hanging plate is installed. Users should design a hanger according to the parts to be processed, and hang the workpiece on the hanging plate through the hanger. The vacuum acquisition system is generally composed of two rotary vane vacuum pumps and a pipeline system in series with a butterfly valve. The function of the butterfly valve is to adjust the pumping capacity by closing or rotating at different angles to maintain the pressure in the furnace under different air intake conditions. The vacuum degree is measured by the supporting vacuum gauge to read the vacuum value. The gas supply pipe inlet of the ion nitriding furnace equipment is set on the furnace shell cylinder, with one rotameter for hydrogen calibration/nitrogen calibration respectively. The thermocouple is inserted into the furnace through the hanging column with the thermocouple for simulated measurement. The temperature is recorded by the instrument, and P, I, D temperature control is carried out.   We can provide products that meet the process and technical requirements according to customer requirements, including ion nitriding furnaces, ion carburizing furnaces, etc. We have professional research on heat treatment processes and equipment such as ion carburizing and ion nitriding.
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